Do you have a social studies paper due? :D. I'm not saying that I have 100% of all of the following answers, but I did try to check my facts before writing this. (i.e. "If this is for a paper, better to do some research beyond posting to Gamespot." ;)):
1. $5.15/hour (about £2.6/hr) is the federal minimum, but individual states may or may not have minimum wages higher than that. I live in Pennsylvania, where the minimum wage will be $7.15/hr in July. There are no provisions for education levels or age.
2. There's no national healthcare, if that's what you mean. My employer pays an insurance company for my medical coverage, though I have to pay an $18 premium every paycheck as well. If your employer doesn't offer that, you can get coverage yourself, though it's typically very expensive. I know someone who pays $200/month for insurance that pays for nothing by emergency care. I also know someone who pays $500/month for standard coverage (emergencies, checkups, etc.). The elderly and disabled may apply for government sponsored coverage (Medicare/Medicaid), which is paid for through taxes collected from working Americans. If you don't have insurance, I'm not entirely sure what all of your options are, but they're not good, and a lot of hospitals will refuse to treat you.
3. Yes, you may collect unemployment if you lose your job. This assumes that you have not been fired from your job (for poor performance, breaking the law, or violating company policies), but lost it through no fault of your own, like redundancies or layoffs. Each state handles unemployment a little differently, but the federal government sets some basic rules, including the amount you can collect, the period when you can collect it, and proof required to collect. I was on unemployment about five years ago and received around $300 every two weeks for up to 26 weeks.
4. Good question. This is pure speculation, but think there are two major reasons for this. First, think about what that change would cost. We'd have to change every road sign, every textbook, every piece of lab equipment, every food package (since we have to publish nutrition information), etc. Second, simply stated, inertia is keeping us from changing. This is a hugely complicated change to make, so I don't think our society knows how to tackle it. It's not as simple as the government saying "ok, we're using metric now." A lot of planning is required, and I'm not sure that anyone knows who to look to in getting us started.
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