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Not the best image but heres a cross section of a CD:
CD/DVD/Blu-Ray work by having tiny miniscule engravings that correspond to a 0 or a 1. When a very fine laser hits a pit it reflects a certain way. When it hits one of the lands, it reflects another. This is how your device interprets the 1's and 0's. Its a high-tech digital "vinyl record" in a way.
Because these tiny grooves work by reflecting lasers, they also reflect other forms of light. However, the pits and grooves are so small that they can't really be seen by the human eye and reflect ambient light sources in many directions - this results in the rainbowing effect you see on discs.
Blu-ray is extra pronounced in the rainbow effect. Why? Well, how do you get a CD which is 700 MB, to a DVD which is 5 GB, to a Blu-Ray disc at 25 GB when they all take up the exact same physical space? You have a smaller laser and smaller pits and lands. The tiny, tiny pits in Blu-Ray means that theres alot more of them to reflect light. This makes the rainbow effect more pronounced.
The variations from one game to another come from differences in the aluminum, and varying thickness of the coatings. Its nothing unusual at all.
You can also read up on crazy work done with "metamaterials" that are similar in concept: http://www.pctechs.org/?p=45629. By altering the surface of a material, you can make them look and act like a different one. That article is showing the same concept. By making tiny etches in specific sizes and patterns they are making gold look pink by reflecting only the light that contains the colors making up pink.
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