The motto first appeared on a 2-cent coin in 1864. It has been in continuous use on the penny since 1909, and the dime since 1916.
From the BEP FAQ:
Why is the phrase In God We Trust on U.S. currency?
The use of the national motto on both U.S. coins and notes is required by two statutes, 31 U.S.C. 5112(d) (1) and 5114(b), respectively. The motto was not adopted for use on U.S. paper money until 1957. It first appeared on some 1935G Series $1 Silver Certificates, but didn't appear on U.S. Federal Reserve Notes until the Series 1963 currency. This use of the national motto has been challenged in court many times over the years that it has been in use, and has been consistently upheld by the various courts of this country, including the U.S. Supreme Court as recently as 1977.
The Department of the Treasury and the Department of Justice intend to actively defend against challenges to the use of the national motto.
http://www.moneyfactory.gov/faqlibrary.html
Other countries have had similar statements on their cash (Netherlands, Brazil, and UK coins ( "Elizabeth II D.G. REG. F.D.")).
"Aronow v. United States," 432 F.2d 242 (1970) in the United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit The court ruled that:
"It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency 'In God We Trust' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion. Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise."
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